'Every parent's nightmare'





August 7, 2009
By JIM NEWTON jnewton@scn1.com

LINDENHURST -- Jill Vaughn acknowledges her son was "every parent's nightmare" growing up, but she said he was finally trying to straighten out when he died last December in an apparent attempt to kick Xanax.

"I don't know that there is really any resolving his death, but a really good-hearted young man trying to get his life together is gone," she said. "I'm out a son, my grandson is out a father and that will never heal. Even though he was 30 years old, he was still my baby."

Jill Vaughn of Lindenhurst holds a photo of her son from 2007. Steven Vaughn's lab mix Katie is behind her. Steven died in December 2008 from a lethal drug combination of Xanax and methadone.
(Thomas Delany Jr./News-Sun)


Jill Vaughn returned home from work early last Dec. 3, the second day in which Steven Vaughn was undergoing methadone treatment from the Green Dragonfly Clinic in Waukegan, to find him dead in her living room.

She had spent the night before staying up with Steven, rubbing his back and bringing him cold water as he vomited most of the night. She chronicled his sickness throughout the night and made sure he took her notes to the clinic the next day.

She said that at the clinic, the decision was made that his sickness was related to the need for a larger dose of methadone to counter what appeared to be opiate withdrawal, and that she was later told he died from the combined effects of methadone and Xanax, an anti-anxiety drug, in his system.

Vaughn said her son was bipolar and self-medicating with Xanax he bought on the street. He presented himself inaccurately as a heroin addict at the clinic because he hoped methadone would help him kick his Xanax habit, she said.

It was the final act of a troubled life that was running amok by high school.

"He was into drugs, booze, gangs -- he was into being the bad boy," she said. "We tried everything. I tried to get him into Scouts. I was the Scout leader without a kid."

He ended up in special education due to behavioral problems, and often ended up not going to high school. But she said there was another side to him as well.

"If you knew Steve, you couldn't help but like him. If he liked you, he would do anything for you," Vaughn said.

His situation was compounded by having a son out of wedlock while still a teenager, which led to child-support problems later, she said.

Because of his lifestyle and personality, Steve Vaughn had trouble getting and keeping a job, his mother said, but he loved carpentry.

"Steve loved being a carpenter. He liked working with wood. It was a challenge to him; it made him use his mind," she said. "But he was also the kind of person who couldn't have a boss hovering over him."

In July of last year, Jill Vaughn said her son showed signs of genuinely trying to change his life, and his parents let him move back home at that time.

Vaughn said she is unsure who initiated the investigation into her son's death, but said investigators from the Lake County State's Attorney's Office told her they were looking into an increase in heroin and methadone deaths.

"I have no idea where it's going," she said.

Vaughn said that initially, she hadn't even been aware that Lake County Coroner Dr. Richard Keller had prescribed the methadone for her son.

Vaughn said she is upset there was no autopsy performed on Steve, although she says she accepts the toxicology reports and the coroner's conclusion on the cause of his death. She said an autopsy may have provided more information and even closure for her.

Keller said it is rare to do an autopsy in a drug case because they rarely contribute to the case and toxicology tests usually provide all the information that is needed.

Vaughn said she also believes the clinic did not conduct a drug test on her son prior to giving him methadone, asserting th

Methadone: The latest teen threat






By Jaclyn O'Malley August 8, 2009

The last thing 15-year-old Austin Riley Jones told his mother was “good night” and that he loved her.
Advertisement

“I love you, too, Bubba,” Cathy Bandoni told her son, who had spent the day cleaning to raise $20 to take his girlfriend to the movies and then had dinner with his parents.

But the next morning, Jan. 18, Austin did not wake up. Bandoni and her husband, Davy Jones, discovered their only son died in his sleep of a methadone overdose.

Austin’s parents have teamed up with local anti-drug coalition members to warn the public about the dangers of methadone — a prescription painkiller that authorities say is cheap, accessible and increasingly has been causing fatal overdoses.

Local drug abuse task force officials will be meeting Monday to discuss ideas for a public anti-methadone abuse campaign that will also extend throughout the school district. They are hoping it will be as successful as the recent anti-methamphetamine efforts in Washoe County that authorities say contributed to a decline in its use.

Bandoni and Jones learned that the two tiny methadone pills their 6-foot, 200-pound son took after a party the night before created a deadly combination with his routine depression medication.

Washoe County Medical Examiner Dr. Ellen Clark ruled Austin’s death accidental and found that he died of acute combined methadone and fluoxetine intoxication. He had a prescription for the latter drug. Clark described him in her autopsy report as a “naive user,” meaning that deadly dose likely was his first time trying it.

“Our son died on two methadone tablets,” Bandoni said. “He didn’t know what he was getting himself into. This is just so shocking. I never thought in a million years this would happen to us.”

“It wasn’t a handful of pills he took, he took two and was just experimenting,” said Jones, who memorialized his son by having a tattoo of his face etched into his arm. “It’s insane. There is no forgiveness to this drug. It’s deadly. Austin had the whole world in front of him.”

Sgt. Mac Venzon, who heads the regional Street Enforcement Team, which targets drug and prostitution activity, said more local youths are experimenting with prescription drugs in general and believe they are safer than drugs purchased on the street.
(2 of 3)

“We’ve done a really good job at shining a bad light on methamphetamine and illicit drugs, but we haven’t done enough to warn kids about the dangers of prescription drugs,” he said. “The problem is people just don’t understand it. This is definitely a trend parents need to be aware of.”

Because methadone is slow to metabolize, its effects are not felt until hours later. Experts say a toxic level can be achieved by taking multiple pills because the user doesn’t immediately feel a “high.”

The drug is best known for curbing heroin addictions by blocking receptors in the brain that make people crave the drug. When combined with other drugs or alcohol, methadone’s effects multiply, and can lead to respiratory and heart failure.

Venzon said methadone pills are sold on the street for about $10 a tablet, compared to about $40 a pill for Oxycontin. He said more prescriptions of methadone have been written over the years, making it more accessible. The Drug Enforcement

Administration said that from 1998 to 2006 that number of prescriptions increased by 700 percent.

“It’s easier for kids to get these pills from a medicine cabinet than them trying to get drugs or alcohol,” Bandoni said. “This is something that needs to be talked about. Austin probably thought he was just popping a couple pain pills.”

Clark said she has seen an increasing trend of methadone used as a party drug for teens and that methadone poisoning deaths in the county have risen. Statistics were not available at press time.

“We don’t want to put out an alarm and say this is another epidemic, but we want th

UNREAL!!!


Did they not give this client a U/A??

Seems it would have prevented this from happening...



The investigation into the overdose death of a Lindenhurst resident being treated at a methadone clinic run by Lake County Coroner Dr. Richard Keller has come with allegations of political overtones since it features a Democratic coroner and a Republican state's attorney.

Keller -- who denies any wrongdoing in the case -- has said he feels the investigation might be politically motivated, and he has questioned why it's being discussed publicly. State's Attorney Michael Waller has denied any political motivation.

Questions surround Keller in the 2008 death of a 30-year-old man who died after mixing the anxiety drug Xanax with methadone he was prescribed at a treatment center where Dr. Richard Keller is medical director.


Weighing in on the question Friday, Lake County Democratic Party Chairman Terry Link of Waukegan said he was concerned the investigation might have been leaked to the media as part of "an ongoing effort to discredit Democrats."

"I'll put it this way, in plain words: How have the last how-many elections gone?" Link said. "They haven't gone the way the Republicans wanted them to go."

News surfaced this week that Waller's office is investigating the December 2008 death of 30-year-old Steven Vaughn, who died after mixing methadone with Xanax. Keller prescribed the methadone at the Green Dragonfly Methadone Clinic in Waukegan after Vaughn told clinic staff he was fighting a heroin addiction and he wanted help fighting the habit.

Vaughn was actually taking Xanax illegally, without a prescription, and likely took Xanax within hours of his second dose of methadone, Keller said.

The focal point of the of the investigation, which began in February at the request of Vaughn's family, is whether clinic staff, or Keller, tested Vaughn to see if he was taking any drugs that could potentially be harmful if mixed with methadone.

While Link, who also is a state senator, made a point to say that "I have nothing against Mike Waller, and I'm not going to discredit Mike Waller," he added that "if this is being handled through the media, then I question that part of it."

"If there's something wrong, do the investigating," Link said. "It just seems like (the investigation) is out there ... If it were a grand jury investigation, I hope it wouldn't be as public as it is right now."

Lake County Republican Chairman Dan Venturi of Lake Villa said the situation "is not being driven by politics," adding that "from a party standpoint, I can tell you that we haven't been involved in it at all.

"We're about as far out of the political cycle as you can possibly be. If this had come out last October, I can see people saying that, but it's three years until the next election," Venturi said.


-Sean




"Without a program life is like a soup sandwich. No matter how you make it, you always wind up with a mess."



"Every time you express gratitude or compassion for any aspect of yourself or someone else, you breathe life in." ~Mariah Fenton Gladis~
Tales of a Wounded Healer



"Just Cause You Got The Monkey Off Your Back Doesn't Mean The Circus Has Left Town." --George Carlin

"High on coffee and nicotine,I'm a serene machine"

Dead by Mistake: Concerns about doctor unknown to patient



By ERIC NALDER
HEARST NEWSPAPERS

Sharon Moore didn't realize her cocktail of painkillers was killing her. And her doctor kept giving her more and more.


Doctors, a cop and pharmacists in her Eastern Washington farming town were concerned that her doctor was overprescribing narcotics, according to documents and interviews, but she and her daughters didn't know that.

The coroner ruled the cause of her death was a powerful combination of narcotics. Records show they were prescribed to her in high doses by Dr. David T. Earl of Moses Lake. A year after Moore died, Earl was "summarily" suspended, pending a hearing about his prescribing practices. Early this year, a medical disciplinary board cleared him in Moore's death and others. He is currently the subject of another state investigation, based on 11 other complaints, said Michael Farrell, an attorney for the disciplinary board.

Moore's daughters say their mother needed to know of suspicions surrounding the doctor. After analyzing the records of four of Earl's other patients who died before Moore -- and those of two others who survived -- a medical professor on contract with the state for the now-resolved disciplinary case found that Earl had given all of them excessive and unwarranted drugs.

Washington requires hospitals and some other medical facilities to report medical errors, including suspicious drug-related deaths. But the information is not readily accessible to the public, and the system has loopholes. For instance, doctor's clinics are exempted. Patient-safety advocates believe errors are grossly underreported.


None of the cases associated with Earl was reported to the state at the time of death, including Moore, who died at Moses Lake's Samaritan Healthcare hospital, state Health Department records show. By state law, hospitals must report only their cases they have "confirmed." At all hospitals statewide, only 17 medication errors have been reported to the state as "adverse events" since 2006, records show, even though the authoritative Institute of Medicine found in a 2006 study that medication errors are among the most common medical mistakes, injuring an estimated 1.5 million people in this country, annually.

Moore's daughters said she would have chosen a different hospital and doctor had she and her family known what others knew. She wasn't suicidal, records show, and her daughters said she wasn't a recreational drug user.

"I was dumbfounded," said Rachel Lydon, who stood by her mother's hospital bedside as her life ebbed away.

Michael Jackson's death recently brought world attention to allegations of doctors overprescribing drugs, but not in time for Moore. Just 58 years old, a detoxified Moore might have survived, according to records and her daughters. Her daughters said the state needed to know the score before people died.

Moore in her last year couldn't drive far without pulling over to doze, her two daughters said, and she passed out at the dinner table.

The widow was unconscious on Oct. 14, 2006, when she was rushed to a Moses Lake hospital. She awoke from a slow-breathing stupor with Lydon by her side. Later that day, she died.

Months before, Washington's Health Department licensing investigators -- who operate separately from the medical error office -- received complaints about Earl. The first came from an investigator for a medical insurer who had heard concerns about Earl from others, unnamed, in health care. Then an investigator talked to Dr. Michael Christian, a Moses Lake osteopath. And when the investigators sought out Earl's former physician's assistant, Robert Mikiska, he told them he believed that the doctor was overprescribing without proper physical exams, records show.

"I didn't know anything that at least two or three dozen other people in the community didn't know," Christian said. "It was an open secret."

Christian said staff at Samarit

State probes coroner's role in man's overdose



August 10, 2009
By JOHN ROSZKOWSKI jroszkowski@pioneerlocal.com

The Lake County State's Attorney is probing whether Coroner Richard Keller acted improperly in prescribing methadone to a 30-year-old Lindenhurst man who died of a drug overdose in December.

Keller insists he acted appropriately when he prescribed methadone to Steven Vaughn at the Green Dragonfly Methadone Treatment Center in Waukegan, a drug treatment clinic where Keller is medical director. Keller said methadone is commonly use to treat patients who have addictions to heroin or prescription medications.

But State's Attorney Michael Waller said his office initiated an investigation in February at the request of Vaughn's family to determine whether Keller may have wrongly prescribed methadone to Vaughn and if that may have been a factor in the man's death.

"We're investigating all of the facts and the circumstances and protocol used in prescribing methadone to Vaughn," Waller said.

"We're investigating it to determine whether or not there were any criminal violations, but no conclusions have been drawn at this point."

Toxicology reports indicate Vaughn died Dec. 5, 2008, of an apparent overdose of the anti-anxiety medication Xanax and methadone.

Waller said there are questions as to whether Keller should have tested Vaughn to determine whether other drugs were in the man's system before prescribing methadone because of the potential for a negative reaction.

He said the probe is also trying to determine whether appropriate doses of methadone were prescribed. He said that Keller had prescribed 40 milligrams of methadone the first day, and although Vaughn had a bad reaction to the medication, an additional 70 milligrams were prescribed the following day.

Waller also questions whether the coroner's office should have conducted the initial investigation, given that Keller was also head of the Green Dragonfly Center and prescribed the medication.

Keller said Vaughn told him that he was no longer taking Xanax at the time he prescribed the methadone. He said urine tests are commonly done to determine whether a person has other drugs in their system, but those tests are not always reliable depending upon how long ago the drugs were taken. He said he had not reviewed the reports to determine whether urine tests were taken in Vaughn's case.

Keller said he does not believe Vaughn had a bad reaction initially to the methadone as Waller claimed, but rather was instead suffering normal withdrawal symptoms from the abuse of heroin and prescription drugs.

Keller said the Lindenhurst Police Department had assisted the coroner's office in the initial investigation and found no wrongdoing at the time.

"The state's attorney's office has never even been in contact with me about this apparent investigation," he said.

Keller, a Democrat, questioned why the matter was being brought up now before the investigation was completed and suggested that politics may have played a role.

"Certainly, putting this out there now seems to be a very unusual way to handle an investigation," he said.

Waller, a Republican, denied that politics was a factor in the probe, noting that the next coroner's election is not even for three years. He said his office first made the matter public last week after being contacted by a member of the media who had learned of the investigation.

"Dr. Keller has made it clear he is not even running for office again," Waller said. "Our investigation has been ongoing for six months."




-Sean




"Without a program life is like a soup sandwich. No matter how you make it, you always wind up with a mess."



"Every time you express gratitude or compassion for any aspect of yourself or someone else, you breathe life in." ~Mariah Fenton Gladis~
Tales of a Wounded Healer



"Just Cause You Got The Monkey Off Your Back Doesn't Mean The Circus Has Left Town."

Report: EMT Had Methadone In System





LOUISVILLE, Ky. -- A Metro EMS tech had a drug commonly used for pain or drug addiction in her system when she was driving an ambulance involved in a fatal crash.

On Thursday, prosecutors submitted 518 pages of information to the court file, including a Kentucky State Police lab report showing Brewer had methadone in her system at the time of the April 2008 crash.

Another report also questions how she was able to get methadone.

On Monday, Brewer pled not guilty to seven charges against her, including murder and driving under the influence of intoxicants.

Brewer, an EMT, was driving a Metro EMS ambulance and stopped to pick up 54-year-old Vickie Whobrey to take her to the hospital for a nosebleed.

Whobrey's daughter, Maggie, said Brewer spoke to her and her family.

"She kept on apologizing for being sick," Whobrey said. "She says she feels doped up from the medication."

A short time later, the ambulance crashed and Vickie Whobrey died of injuries from the wreck.

According to court records obtained exclusively by WLKY News, a blood test performed by the Kentucky State Police lab found .009 milligrams of methadone in Brewer's system.

According to a report prepared by a University of Louisville doctor for prosecutors, that concentration of methadone "may or may not cause impairment" when driving.

The doctor also noted, "Brewer has not supplied information regarding a legitimate methadone prescription."

However, a search of Brewer's prescription drug history from May 2008 to May 2009 found the EMT, who was driving an ambulance for 11 months of that time, filled 19 new prescriptions at 11 pharmacies from 10 different providers.

Four of them were filled after the fatal crash.

The report also indicates Brewer had four active prescriptions at the time of the wreck -- two pain medicines and two anti-anxiety pills.

However, as WLKY first reported a week ago, a urine test for Brewer was not performed the night of the crash.

Documents from University Hospital indicate "patient not in room" and the urinalysis canceled.

According to the report for prosecutors, "testing of urine may have determined whether or not the prescribed medications were also present in the system."

But because that testing wasn't done, it's unclear if Brewer had medications other than methadone in her system.

However, the report from the ambulance crew that responded to Brewer's crash described her as "patient crying and would fall asleep."

In 2005, about nine months before Metro EMS hired Brewer, she was charged with reckless driving and possession of a controlled substance.

The police report said that controlled substance was 6? methadone pills.

Brewer pled guilty to the reckless driving charge, while the possession of a controlled substance charge was dropped.

Court records also show Metro EMS supervisors knew about that incident and warned her to be careful driving, because if Brewer lost her driver's license, the letter said, she would also lose her job.



-Sean




"Without a program life is like a soup sandwich. No matter how you make it, you always wind up with a mess."



"Every time you express gratitude or compassion for any aspect of yourself or someone else, you breathe life in." ~Mariah Fenton Gladis~
Tales of a Wounded Healer



"Just Cause You Got The Monkey Off Your Back Doesn't Mean The Circus Has Left Town." --George Carlin

"High on coffee and nicotine,I'm a serene machine"

EMS driver charged with murder had methadone in system

By Jason Riley •courier-journal Louisville, Ky • August 26, 2009




An Emergency Medical Service ambulance driver charged with murder after an April 2008 wreck in which a patient suffered fatal injuries had methadone in her system and mistakenly believed she had run over a teenager who she said had darted in front of her vehicle, according to court records.
Advertisement

A distraught Tammy Renee Brewer told police on April 3, 2008, that she swerved to avoid the teen while she was transporting Vickie Whobrey, 54, to Sts. Mary & Elizabeth Hospital at 1850 Bluegrass Ave. in southwestern Louisville.

“I don't know why, but I cut toward him not away from him,” Brewer told Shively police, according to recently released court records. “I don't know if I hit him or not. Please look for the little boy.”

An emergency medical technician who arrived on the scene after the accident said Brewer was “running around yelling, ‘Where is the boy? I hit the boy,'” according to court records.

But police didn't find a teen in the area and a female witness driving behind the ambulance on Rockford Lane has told The Courier-Journal that she saw no pedestrian in the street and that the ambulance had been traveling erratically for at least a half-mile before the collision.

The ambulance struck and severed a telephone pole, went through a drainage ditch, crossed Van Hoose Road, entered another drainage ditch, hit an earthen embankment, continued up the embankment and struck a chain-link fence before coming to rest in a yard.

Whobrey, who was being taken to the hospital because of a prolonged nosebleed earlier that night, was transported by another ambulance to University Hospital, where she was pronounced dead of blunt-force trauma.

Brewer told police she had not taken any narcotics that day and a drug screen conducted by University Hospital after the accident showed no traceable amounts of any drugs in Brewer's system. However, a test by the Kentucky State Police lab found Brewer had a “therapeutic” level of methadone in her system. Brewer was not being treated at the closest clinic for methadone — a synthetic narcotic, often used as a painkiller and to treat heroin addiction, according to court records.
(2 of 2)

David Yates, Brewer's attorney, declined to comment on Wednesday. Brewer, who has been charged with murder, assault, wanton endangerment, criminal mischief and driving under the influence, has been released from Metro Corrections on the state's pre-trial release program. She has been suspended without pay.
Advertisement

EMS records indicate that before coming to work at 10 p.m. April 2, about 2? hours before the accident, Brewer had a headache and took two pills that she later told a supervisor she believed were over-the-counter medications for a headache.

During the shift, Brewer's EMS partner, paramedic Gregory Gavin, sent a text message to a co-worker saying, “You should see her (Brewer), she is loopy,” and requesting that a supervisor be contacted, according to court records.

The co-worker, EMT Robert Tousignant, said he replied: “OK to drive?” Gavin's response, according to Tousignant: “Her, no.”

Concerned about her behavior, Gavin told Brewer to turn off the ambulance's lights and sirens and proceed “Code-1, not Code-3, to the hospital,” according to court records.

“I felt Code 3 would have compromised the safety of everyone,” said Gavin, adding that Whobrey's condition was stable at the time.

An EMS official “had started to take action by attempting to call” Brewer's ambulance and “put them out of service and have Brewer taken for a drug screen,” but the accident occurred first, according to court records.

Brewer told police she was turning off the sirens when she saw a teen dart out in front of her and she swerved, causing the accident.

Whobrey's estate has filed a wrongful-death lawsuit against Louisville Metro Government and Brewer.

T

Detoxifying methadone patient numbers dropping..


Click link to read article .





http://www.imn.ie/index.php/current-...mbers-dropping



-Sean







"Without a program life is like a soup sandwich. No matter how you make it, you always wind up with a mess."



"Every time you express gratitude or compassion for any aspect of yourself or someone else, you breathe life in." ~Mariah Fenton Gladis~
Tales of a Wounded Healer



"Just Cause You Got The Monkey Off Your Back Doesn't Mean The Circus Has Left Town." --George Carlin

Man gets 22 years in car fatality, injury




Associated Press - September 25, 2009 7:04 AM ET

LIVINGSTON, La. (AP) - A state district judge has sentenced a man to serve 22 years in prison for driving under the influence of methadone and Xanax at the time of a 2008 wreck that left a 5-year-old boy dead and a toddler disabled.

Judge Wayne Ray Chutz on Thursday ordered that 39-year-old Joseph Landry of Denham Springs serve 17 years in prison for vehicular homicide and five years in prison for first-degree negligent injury. The prison terms will run consecutively.

On July 4, 2008, Landry's van slammed into the rear of a car. Logan Woodruff died two days later, and his younger brother, Chandler, suffered a skull fracture and broken femur.


http://www.wxvt.com/Global/story.asp?S=11196928



-Sean




"Without a program life is like a soup sandwich. No matter how you make it, you always wind up with a mess."



"Every time you express gratitude or compassion for any aspect of yourself or someone else, you breathe life in." ~Mariah Fenton Gladis~
Tales of a Wounded Healer



"Just Cause You Got The Monkey Off Your Back Doesn't Mean The Circus Has Left Town." --George Carlin

Plea Possible For EMT Charged In Patient's Death
Tests Reveal Tammy Brewer Had Methadone In Her System At Time Of Crash



LOUISVILLE, Ky. -- A plea agreement is being discussed for a Metro EMS technician charged with murder for the death of a patient.

Tammy Brewer was driving an ambulance in 2008 when it crashed on Rockford Lane in Shively. Patient Vicki Whobrey died in the accident.

A Kentucky State Police lab report showed Brewer had methadone in her system at the time of the crash.

Brewer is currently suspended from her job without pay.

She appeared in court Monday morning and prosecutors said they are discussing the potential plea with Whobrey's family.

Brewer is due back in court in November.


http://www.wlky.com/news/21137231/detail.html



-Sean




"Without a program life is like a soup sandwich. No matter how you make it, you always wind up with a mess."



"Every time you express gratitude or compassion for any aspect of yourself or someone else, you breathe life in." ~Mariah Fenton Gladis~
Tales of a Wounded Healer



"Just Cause You Got The Monkey Off Your Back Doesn't Mean The Circus Has Left Town." --George Carlin

these deaths are heartbreaking but its due to ignorance...either take it as prescribed or don't take it at all...plus parents have to learn about drugs if their children are addicts; you can't trust that a kid is going to be able to handle drugs, prescribed or otherwise...

j anthony

these deaths are heartbreaking but its due to ignorance...either take it as prescribed or don't take it at all...plus parents have to learn about drugs if their children are addicts; you can't trust that a kid is going to be able to handle drugs, prescribed or otherwise...[8D]

j anthony

these deaths are heartbreaking but its due to ignorance...either take it as prescribed or don't take it at all...plus parents have to learn about drugs if their children are addicts; you can't trust that a kid is going to be able to handle drugs, prescribed or otherwise...[8D]

j anthony

parents need to learn about drugs if their children are addicted/prescribed/using....you can't expect a kid to handle drugs, prescribed or otherwise

j anthony

parents need to learn about drugs if their children are addicted/prescribed/using....you can't expect a kid to handle drugs, prescribed or otherwise

j anthony